Compare hypothetical earnings over 40 years from college entry after net tuition cost; zero-cost ROI is unavailable.
The two earnings paths share 40 years from college entry. The degree path earns nothing during the entered college years, then earns its entered starting salary. The alternative starts work immediately. Each salary grows annually after work starts at the same entered rate; these are nominal scenarios, not guaranteed lifetime earnings.
Net tuition cost is annual tuition and fees times whole college years, minus total scholarships and grants, floored at zero. Aid covers modeled tuition only. Excess aid is shown as unused, not cash income or profit. Living costs, financing costs, taxes, inflation and discounting are excluded.
Net benefit is degree-path earnings minus alternative earnings minus net tuition cost. ROI is this net benefit divided by positive net tuition cost, expressed as a percentage. At zero cost, ROI is undefined and shown as unavailable even if the earnings advantage is positive or negative. A negative net benefit remains visible.
The first break-even year is the first end-of-year comparison where the cumulative earnings advantage covers net tuition cost. Forgone earnings during study are included. Zero tuition does not remove the time cost of studying, and break-even may not be reached within 40 years.